LLC or corporation: the choice and what it decides
Tax treatment, governance flexibility, and how the owners will exit.
Esshaki Legal Media TeamCurrent as of October 2024
Choice of entity is made once, quickly, and shapes every later dispute.
Governance flexibility. An LLC is a creature of contract; the operating
agreement can allocate control, economics and duties almost freely, and can
modify default fiduciary duties in many states. A corporation is more rigid:
statutory roles, board, officers, shareholder meetings, and duties that are
harder to contract around. Flexibility is an advantage when the document is well
drafted and a liability when it is not, because the defaults an LLC displaces are
also the protections a member loses.
Tax. LLCs are typically pass-through by default with considerable choice
available; corporations may face entity-level tax unless an election is made, and
that election carries eligibility restrictions on the number and type of owners
and on classes of stock. This drives most decisions in practice.
Outside investment. Institutional investors frequently expect a corporate
structure with defined preferred stock, and converting later is possible but not
free.
Exit and transfer. Corporate shares are conceptually simpler to transfer. LLC
interests are usually restricted by default, and a transferee who is not admitted
as a member receives economic rights only.
The recurring failure is treating this as a formation decision rather than a
governance decision, and adopting a template operating agreement that says
nothing about the questions the owners will actually argue about.