Electronic participation in public meetings became widespread and the statutory frameworks have been amended repeatedly. The requirements track the same principles as in-person meetings.
Notice. Must state how the public may attend and participate, including access details for the electronic platform, posted for the statutory period at the physical location and, increasingly, on the body’s website.
Public access. The public must be able to hear and, generally, to see the proceedings, and to address the body where public comment is required. A platform that permits members to participate but excludes public comment does not comply.
Quorum and voting. Statutes differ on whether remote members count toward quorum, whether a physical quorum is required, and whether roll call voting is mandatory for remote meetings. Many require members to identify themselves and state their location.
Permitted reasons for remote participation are limited in some states to military duty, medical need, or a declared emergency, and unlimited in others.
Closed sessions conducted electronically require confirmation that no unauthorised person is present and that the connection is secure.
Records. Minutes should record who participated remotely and how. Recordings, where made, are public records subject to retention schedules.
Failure to comply can invalidate the action taken, and statutes commonly provide for invalidation, injunctive relief and attorney fees.