Federal wage law does not require meal or rest breaks. It regulates how they are paid when given, and many states impose affirmative break requirements with penalties.
Short breaks are compensable. Rest periods of roughly twenty minutes or less are counted as hours worked and cannot be deducted.
Bona fide meal periods of thirty minutes or more may be unpaid only if the employee is completely relieved of duty. An employee who eats at a desk while answering calls or watching a station is working, and the time is paid.
Automatic deduction systems are lawful in principle and dangerous in practice. If the system deducts thirty minutes daily and employees regularly work through, the employer has built a systematic violation, and these have generated large collective actions. Any auto-deduct must be paired with a simple, used, and publicised cancellation procedure.
Interrupted meals. A policy stating that an interrupted break must be reported and repaid, plus evidence that reports were actually made and paid, is the defensible structure.
State requirements commonly include a meal period after a set number of hours, paid rest periods per work period, timing rules, and premium payments for missed breaks. Multi-state employers should map these by jurisdiction rather than adopting one national policy.